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Scott and his four companions reached the South Pole via the Beardmore route on 17 January 1912, 33 days after Amundsen. All five died on the return journey from the Pole, through a combination of starvation and cold. [75] The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station was later named after these two men. In fact, he was probably at one of the research stations, like this one, investigating ways to protect the planet! Post-war developments [ edit ] Hut built at Hope Bay in 1903. It was there that the only instance of shots fired in anger on the Continent occurred in 1952. Following on from that expedition, the specific impetus for the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration was a lecture given by Dr John Murray entitled "The Renewal of Antarctic Exploration", given to the Royal Geographical Society in London, 27 November 1893. [39] Murray advocated that research into the Antarctic should be organised to "resolve the outstanding geographical questions still posed in the south". [40] Furthermore, the Royal Geographical Society instated an Antarctic Committee shortly prior to this, in 1887, which successfully encouraged many whalers to explore the Southern regions of the world and laid the groundwork for the lecture given by Murray. [41] In 1917, the wording of the claim was modified, so as to, among other things, unambiguously include all the territory in the sector stretching to the South Pole (thus encompassing all of the present-day British Antarctic Territory). The new claim covered "all islands and territories whatsoever between the 20th degree of west longitude and the 50th degree of west longitude which are situated south of the 50th parallel of south latitude; and all islands and territories whatsoever between the 50th degree of west longitude and the 80th degree of west longitude which are situated south of the 58th parallel of south latitude". [89]

About - British Antarctic Survey". www.antarctica.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 5 October 2007 . Retrieved 25 March 2018. ATS - Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty". www.ats.aq. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019 . Retrieved 25 March 2018.

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Bob Hawke: There is not one outstanding leader in the world". Sydney Morning Herald. 2016-07-08. Archived from the original on 2016-07-21 . Retrieved 2016-07-20. Smith, Stephenson Percy (1899). Hawaiki: the whence of the Maori, being an introduction to Rarotongan history: Part III. The Journal of the Polynesian Society, Volume 8. pp.10–11. Archived from the original on 2020-02-01 . Retrieved 2019-11-21. M. R. A. Thomson (1977). "An Annotated Bibliography Of The Paleontology Of Lesser Antarctica And The Scotia Ridge". N.Z. Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 20 (5): 865–904. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1977.10420686. Xin, Zhang (2010). Be careful, Here is Antarctica - the statistics and analysis of the grave accidents in Antarctica (PGCert). University of Canterbury. Archived from the original on 2023-06-30 . Retrieved 2020-11-01.

M. Barré, K. Rawer: "Quelques résultats d’observations ionosphériques effectuées près de la Terre Adélie". Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics volume 1, issue 5–6 (1951), pp. 311–314. a b c Fogg, G.E. (2000). The Royal Society and the Antarctic. London, The Royal Society: Notes and Records of the Royal Society London, Vol. 54, No. 1. Mills, William James (11 December 2003). Exploring Polar Frontiers. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57-607422-0. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 23 September 2008. pp. 135–139 Barr, William (2014). "Review of OF MAPS AND MEN: THE MYSTERIOUS DISCOVERY OF ANTARCTICA". Arctic. 67 (3): 410–411. doi: 10.14430/arctic4411. JSTOR 24363785.a b c "Dronning Maud Land" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Polar Institute. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2011. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España) (1987). Comunicaciones presentadas en el Primer Symposium Español de Estudios Antárticos: celebrado en Palma de Mallorca del 30 de junio al 4 de julio de 1985 (in Spanish). CSIC Press. ISBN 978-84-00-06530-0. Archived from the original on 2023-06-30 . Retrieved 2020-11-01.

Forutsetninger for Antarktistraktaten". Norsk Polarhistorie (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 20 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 May 2011. On 15 April 1928, only a year after Charles Lindbergh's flight across the Atlantic, Wilkins and Eielson made a trans-Arctic crossing from Point Barrow, Alaska, to Spitsbergen, arriving about 20 hours later on 16 April, touching along the way at Grant Land on Ellesmere Island. [81] For this feat and his prior work, Wilkins was knighted. Otto Nordenskiöld 1869–1928". South-pole.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 September 2008. This grant established, according to Argentina and Chile, that an animus occupandi existed on the part of Spain in Antarctica. Spain's sovereignty claim over parts of Antarctica was, according to Chile and Argentina, internationally recognized with the Inter caetera bull of 1493 and the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494. Argentina and Chile treat these treaties as legal international treaties mediated by the Catholic Church that was at that time a recognized arbiter in such matters. [88] Each country currently has claimed a sector of the Antarctic continent that is more or less directly south of its national antarctic-facing lands.Women faced legal barriers and sexism that prevented most from visiting Antarctica and doing research until the late 1960s. The United States Congress banned American women from traveling to Antarctica until 1969. [126] Women were often excluded because it was thought that they could not handle the extreme temperatures or crisis situations. [127] The first woman from the British Antarctic Survey to go to Antarctica was Janet Thomson in 1983 who described the ban on women as a "rather improper segregation." [128] [129] Finally, to prevent the possibility of military conflict in the region, the United States, United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and 9 other countries with significant interests negotiated and signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1959. The treaty entered into force in 1961 and sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and banned military activity on that continent. The treaty was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War. [113] Recent history [ edit ] The MV Explorer in Antarctica in January 1999. She sank on 23 November 2007 after hitting an iceberg. Borchgrevink, Carsten Egeberg (1864–1934). Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Edition. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2008. Main article: Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition Edmund Hillary (left) with Rear-Admiral George J. Dufek at Scott Base just before the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition's departure from the base

The doubling of the Cape of Good Hope in 1487 by Bartolomeu Dias first brought explorers within touch of the Antarctic cold, and proved that there was an ocean separating Africa from any Antarctic land that might exist. [8]The prize of the Heroic Age was to find and reach the South Pole. Two expeditions set off in 1910 to attain this goal; a party led by Norwegian Polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram and Robert Falcon Scott's British group from the Terra Nova. Prieto Larrain, M. Cristina (2004). "El Tratado Antártico, vehículo de paz en un campo minado". Revista Universum (in Spanish). University of Talca. 19 (1): 138–147. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021 . Retrieved 31 December 2015. In 1906, Argentina communicated to the international community the establishment of a permanent base on South Orkney Islands. However, Haggard responded by reminding Argentina that the South Orkneys were British. The British position was that Argentine personnel was granted permission only for the period of one year. The Argentine government entered into negotiations with the British in 1913 over the possible transfer of the island. Although these talks were unsuccessful, Argentina attempted to unilaterally establish their sovereignty with the erection of markers, national flags and other symbols. Kieran Mulvaney (2001). At the Ends of the Earth: A History of the Polar Regions. Island Press. pp.124–130. ISBN 9781559639088. Jean-Baptiste Charcot". South-pole.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2008. ( Francais voyage)